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Living with Inhalational anthrax

A rare serious infection from breathing in Bacillus anthracis spores, starting with flu-like symptoms.

Understanding Inhalational anthrax

Inhalational anthrax is a rare, acute infection of the whole body caused by breathing in Bacillus anthracis spores.

Spores can come from infected animal products or from bioterrorism. First, people have nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cough, chills, and tiredness. Then comes an acute phase with bleeding and swelling in the chest area (hemorrhagic mediastinitis). It can progress to meningitis, stomach and intestine involvement, and shock.

Signs & symptoms

Symptoms vary from person to person. GARD lists these among the most common:

  • Fever
  • Cough
  • Chills
  • Tiredness (fatigue)
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Confusion

Not everyone has every symptom. GARD's list comes from the Human Phenotype Ontology.

Diagnosis

  1. Talk with your doctor

    Share the symptoms you've noticed, when they started and your family health history. Notes and photos can help.

  2. See a specialist

    Your doctor may refer you to a specialist who knows rare conditions.

  3. Ask which tests can help

    Your care team will decide which exams and tests can confirm the diagnosis.

Care & treatment

Care team
A doctor familiar with rare conditions, plus specialists as needed
Expert care
Ask about multidisciplinary care centers for rare conditions
Treatment
GARD doesn't list specific treatments for this condition. Your care team will tailor care to your symptoms.
Research
Clinical trials and observational studies may be options. See the research section below.

General information, not medical advice. Your care team makes the decisions.

Everyday life

Living with a rare condition is easier with support.

  • Connect with rare disease patient organizations for support
  • Keep notes on symptoms, changes and questions for appointments
  • Ask about patient registries that help research
  • Look into financial aid and travel resources for care visits
Bring these questions to your next doctor visit
Which tests confirm anthrax?
Should people I've been in contact with be evaluated?
Which symptoms need emergency care?

Quick facts

Symptoms usually startany time in life

It is caused by breathing in spores of the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, such as from infected animal products or bioterrorism.

Infectious

Also known as: anthrax pneumonia; inhalation anthrax disease; pneumonia with anthrax; pulmonary anthrax; respiratory anthrax; respiratory anthrax disease

Patient organizations

Rare-disease groups that can help

Source: NIH GARD · Inhalational anthraxGARD ID 20657 · GARD page updated September 2026 · Plain-language summary by Know Rare; editorial review pending. General information, not medical advice.

You are more than your diagnosis

Perspectives from people navigating life with Inhalational anthrax.

Explore the Inhalational anthrax blog

Explore research for Inhalational anthrax

Explore actively recruiting Inhalational anthrax studies with HealthSpark.

HealthSpark

Find actively recruiting studies for Inhalational anthrax with HealthSpark. Share your city to explore research near you.

  • Recruiting studies from ClinicalTrials.gov
  • Share your city to look for research near you
  • Eligibility is confirmed by the study team

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Powered by HealthSpark, our AI chat helper · Study information from ClinicalTrials.gov · Eligibility is confirmed by the study team.

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